{
  "title": "Babylon World Manuscript Reading Room",
  "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
  "scope": "Curated discovery records; originals remain with source institutions. No complete global census or blanket reproduction permission implied.",
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "venus-k160",
      "title": "Venus Tablet · K.160",
      "identifier": "K.160",
      "institution": "British Museum",
      "region": "Mesopotamia",
      "language": "Akkadian",
      "material": "Clay tablet",
      "summary": "A Nineveh copy preserving older Venus observations and omen material.",
      "coverage": "Witness C in Reiner and Pingree’s 1975 comparison; it does not preserve the opening omens used in the first reading example.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Public source route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/cuneiform-tablet-with-observations-of-venus/uQGtUbfuWfzvLQ?hl=en",
          "British Museum · object description"
        ],
        [
          "https://undena.com/EL-UP/Reiner_and_Pingree_1975_Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa_-_BM_2.1.pdf",
          "Reiner and Pingree · 1975 edition"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "bm-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Copy",
          "start": -700,
          "end": -601,
          "label": "Seventh century BCE · copy",
          "source": "https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/cuneiform-tablet-with-observations-of-venus/uQGtUbfuWfzvLQ?hl=en",
          "note": "The earlier period described by the observations is a separate dating question."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/resources/translation-requests/#astronomy-reading-routes",
      "gap": "Match omen numbers, witness sigla and each English rendering before using an observation for chronology.",
      "edition": "Reiner and Pingree, Enūma Anu Enlil Tablet 63 (1975); opening translated omens use other witnesses.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/venus-k160/"
    },
    {
      "id": "nippur-cbs10673",
      "title": "Sumerian Flood Tablet · Nippur",
      "identifier": "CBS10673 + CBS10867 · CDLI P265876",
      "institution": "Penn Museum",
      "region": "Mesopotamia",
      "language": "Sumerian",
      "material": "Clay tablet",
      "summary": "A surviving Sumerian flood witness joined with CBS10867.",
      "coverage": "A damaged tablet with text on both sides; the catalogue identifies creation, cities, rulers and the flood narrative.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Public images linked",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://collections.penn.museum/collections/object/97591",
          "Penn · catalogue and object images"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "penn-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Object",
          "start": -1650,
          "end": -1650,
          "label": "About 1650 BCE · museum dating",
          "source": "https://collections.penn.museum/collections/object/97591",
          "note": "An approximate manufacture date; it does not date a historical flood."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/collections/flood-texts/",
      "gap": "Collate the joined fragments with the selected translation. Keep the generic source-list label “Nippur Tablet” unresolved until its intended witness is known.",
      "edition": "The museum supplies bibliography and identifies ETCSL 1.7.4 and composite Q000357.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "biography_url": "/research/document-histories/nippur-cbs10673/",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/nippur-cbs10673/"
    },
    {
      "id": "nippur-cbs13532",
      "title": "Akkadian Nippur flood fragment",
      "identifier": "CBS13532 · CDLI P268565 · Wasserman Ms. J",
      "institution": "Penn Museum",
      "region": "Mesopotamia",
      "language": "Akkadian",
      "material": "Clay tablet",
      "summary": "An Akkadian flood witness with a matching Penn Museum public object record.",
      "coverage": "This is a different candidate from the Sumerian CBS10673/CBS10867 join.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Public museum catalogue and edition",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://collections.penn.museum/collections/object/587193",
          "Penn Museum · CBS13532 / P268565"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042941748.pdf",
          "Wasserman · The Flood, pp. 77–79"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Witness lead",
      "case": "penn-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Object",
          "start": -1400,
          "end": -1100,
          "label": "1400–1100 BCE · museum manufacture range",
          "source": "https://collections.penn.museum/collections/object/587193",
          "note": "Dates this copy, not the flood narrated in it."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/collections/flood-texts/",
      "gap": "Collate the selected signs with the tablet photograph. The museum record resolves the public catalogue/custody route, while the existing institutional inquiry retains its own response status.",
      "edition": "Wasserman 2020, Ms. J, pp. 77–79. Reverse 6′–9′ matched to the transcription and English translation on p. 78; photographic collation remains pending.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/nippur-cbs13532/"
    },
    {
      "id": "weld-blundell-prism",
      "title": "Sumerian King List · Weld-Blundell prism",
      "identifier": "AN1923.444",
      "institution": "Ashmolean Museum",
      "region": "Mesopotamia",
      "language": "Sumerian",
      "material": "Clay prism",
      "summary": "A named witness to the Sumerian King List.",
      "coverage": "Study the preserved inscription alongside its literary form and edition. Reign totals are not automatically elapsed historical years.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Public source route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://ashmolean.web.ox.ac.uk/sumerian-king-list",
          "Ashmolean · Sumerian King List"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "ash-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/earthly-kings-and-water/",
      "gap": "Obtain all inscribed faces, the chosen translation and explanation of damaged or restored signs.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/weld-blundell-prism/"
    },
    {
      "id": "dendera-zodiac",
      "title": "Dendera Zodiac",
      "identifier": "E 13482 · D 38 · CM 464 · BN 6",
      "institution": "Musée du Louvre",
      "region": "Egypt",
      "language": "Egyptian",
      "material": "Stone relief",
      "summary": "An astronomical relief with inscriptions and iconography.",
      "coverage": "An artifact rather than a manuscript roll. Object dating, iconographic interpretation and calendar claims require separate evidence.",
      "translation": "Artifact interpretation located",
      "access": "Public images linked",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871",
          "Louvre · object record"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Inscribed artifact",
      "case": "louvre-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Object",
          "start": -50,
          "end": -50,
          "label": "About 50 BCE · museum dating",
          "source": "https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871",
          "note": "Approximate dating of the object, not the beginning of a cosmic age."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/resources/older-texts/",
      "gap": "Identify each inscription and interpretive edition; obtain image-use permission before reproducing museum photography.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/dendera-zodiac/"
    },
    {
      "id": "nag-hammadi-ii",
      "title": "Nag Hammadi Codex II · Thomas and the Secret Book of John",
      "identifier": "Codex II · current local shelfmark to confirm",
      "institution": "Coptic Museum · custody confirmation requested",
      "region": "Egypt",
      "language": "Coptic",
      "material": "Papyrus codex",
      "summary": "A codex route connecting the Gospel of Thomas and a witness to the Apocryphon of John.",
      "coverage": "A bound codex contains multiple works. Its texts and their recensions must be catalogued separately.",
      "translation": "English editions located",
      "access": "Catalogue route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://egymonuments.gov.eg/subportals-group/coptic-museum/coptic-museum/manuscripts/",
          "Coptic Museum · manuscripts"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/nhlcodex.html",
          "Nag Hammadi · translation index"
        ],
        [
          "https://data.copticscriptorium.org/texts/thomasgospel/gospel-of-thomas/",
          "Coptic Scriptorium · Thomas edition"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.gospels.net/thomas",
          "Mattison · English Thomas translation"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "coptic-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/books-teachings/",
      "gap": "Confirm the physical shelfmark, complete folio images and chosen recension before comparing wording.",
      "edition": "Thomas Saying 3 checked through Dilley’s Coptic Scriptorium edition v6.2.0 (2025) and Mattison’s separate English translation. Coptic Scriptorium metadata lists no English translation. Codex image-line concordance remains open.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/nag-hammadi-ii/"
    },
    {
      "id": "cairo-ts10k6",
      "title": "Damascus Document · Cairo Genizah witness",
      "identifier": "T-S 10K6",
      "institution": "Cambridge University Library",
      "region": "Egypt / Cairo Genizah",
      "language": "Hebrew",
      "material": "Manuscript",
      "summary": "A medieval Cairo Genizah witness to the Damascus Document.",
      "coverage": "Keep this physical witness separate from Qumran fragments such as 4Q271.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Catalogue route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/GF/GF28.html",
          "Cambridge · Damascus Document witnesses"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "cam-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/dead-sea-scrolls/",
      "gap": "Match each surviving page to its critical-edition reference and distinguish this copy’s date from the age of the composition.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/cairo-ts10k6/"
    },
    {
      "id": "cairo-ts16311",
      "title": "Damascus Document · Cairo Genizah witness",
      "identifier": "T-S 16.311",
      "institution": "Cambridge University Library",
      "region": "Egypt / Cairo Genizah",
      "language": "Hebrew",
      "material": "Manuscript",
      "summary": "A medieval Cairo Genizah witness to the Damascus Document.",
      "coverage": "Keep this physical witness separate from Qumran fragments such as 4Q271.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Catalogue route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/GF/GF28.html",
          "Cambridge · Damascus Document witnesses"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "cam-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/dead-sea-scrolls/",
      "gap": "Match each surviving page to its critical-edition reference and distinguish this copy’s date from the age of the composition.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/cairo-ts16311/"
    },
    {
      "id": "qumran-4q203",
      "title": "Book of Giants · Qumran witness",
      "identifier": "4Q203",
      "institution": "Israel Antiquities Authority · confirmation requested",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Aramaic",
      "material": "Scroll fragments",
      "summary": "Fragmentary witness; a translated composition is not a physically complete scroll.",
      "coverage": "The reviewed register does not yet map every plate, fragment, column and line to an edition.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Public archive route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/help?locale=en_US",
          "IAA · identifiers and edition guidance"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Witness lead",
      "case": "iaa-enoch-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/dead-sea-scrolls/",
      "gap": "Obtain the exact image-to-DJD concordance and identify any surviving passage still lacking a located translation.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/qumran-4q203/"
    },
    {
      "id": "qumran-4q271",
      "title": "Damascus Document · Qumran witness",
      "identifier": "4Q271 · Dᶠ",
      "institution": "Israel Antiquities Authority · confirmation requested",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Hebrew",
      "material": "Scroll fragments",
      "summary": "One Qumran witness; Cairo copies and other Qumran fragments have separate records.",
      "coverage": "The reviewed register does not yet map every plate, fragment, column and line to an edition.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Public archive route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/help?locale=en_US",
          "IAA · identifiers and edition guidance"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/scr4.html",
          "Library of Congress · Damascus exhibition witness"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/trans11.html",
          "Library of Congress · Baumgarten translation excerpt"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Witness lead",
      "case": "iaa-4q271",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/dead-sea-scrolls/",
      "gap": "Obtain the exact image-to-DJD concordance and identify any surviving passage still lacking a located translation.",
      "edition": "Library of Congress displayed lines 4–7 checked, transcription and translation J. Baumgarten. Later DJD fragment/column concordance and full edition access remain pending.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/qumran-4q271/"
    },
    {
      "id": "war-scroll-1qm",
      "title": "War Scroll",
      "identifier": "1QM",
      "institution": "Israel Museum · custody confirmation requested",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Hebrew",
      "material": "Scroll",
      "summary": "A separately identified Dead Sea Scroll study target.",
      "coverage": "A damaged ancient witness. Surviving columns, unreadable writing and editorial reconstructions must remain visible.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Public source route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://dss.collections.imj.org.il/war",
          "Israel Museum · reading route"
        ],
        [
          "https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/claiming-israels-angels-their-own-angelic-realm-and-religious-identity-qumran-sect",
          "Matthew Walsh · 1QM XVII:5–8 and cited edition p. 340"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "imj-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/dead-sea-scrolls/",
      "gap": "Confirm current custody and a current edition covering the exact columns to be studied.",
      "edition": "Walsh 2019 quotes 1QM XVII:5–8 and cites Yadin 1962, English translation Batya and Chaim Rabin, p. 340. The full print edition and photographs were not collated.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/war-scroll-1qm/"
    },
    {
      "id": "genesis-apocryphon-1q20",
      "title": "Genesis Apocryphon",
      "identifier": "1Q20",
      "institution": "Israel Museum · custody confirmation requested",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Aramaic",
      "material": "Scroll",
      "summary": "A separately identified Dead Sea Scroll study target.",
      "coverage": "A damaged ancient witness. Surviving columns, unreadable writing and editorial reconstructions must remain visible.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Public source route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.imj.org.il/en/exhibitions/genesis-retold-0",
          "Israel Museum · reading route"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "imj-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/dead-sea-scrolls/",
      "gap": "Confirm current custody and a current edition covering the exact columns to be studied.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/genesis-apocryphon-1q20/"
    },
    {
      "id": "mingana-1572a",
      "title": "Birmingham Qur’an manuscript",
      "identifier": "Mingana Islamic Arabic 1572a",
      "institution": "University of Birmingham",
      "region": "Islamic manuscript collections",
      "language": "Arabic",
      "material": "Parchment bifolio",
      "summary": "Two leaves preserving passages from three surahs.",
      "coverage": "Surahs 18:17–31, 19:91–98 and 20:1–40. This fragment does not supply Surah Nuh 71.",
      "translation": "Transcription and translation route",
      "access": "Public images linked",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/faqs",
          "Birmingham · contents and dating"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/access-to-the-manuscript",
          "Birmingham · private study and publication access"
        ],
        [
          "https://edata.bham.ac.uk/530/",
          "Fedeli 2015 · Arabic XML transcription"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "birm-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Material",
          "start": 568,
          "end": 645,
          "label": "568–645 CE · parchment radiocarbon interval",
          "source": "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/faqs",
          "note": "95.4% reported interval for the animal’s death. The ink has not been age-tested."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/collections/islam-and-quran/",
      "gap": "Match each folio to its transcription; retain the difference between a parchment date and a writing date.",
      "edition": "Fedeli 2015 Arabic XML: Qur’an 20:25–28 at old combined-volume folio 1v lines 12–14. Corresponding English scripture translations are separate; no new diplomatic English translation is claimed.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/mingana-1572a/"
    },
    {
      "id": "mingana-1572b",
      "title": "Mingana Qur’an · companion witness",
      "identifier": "Mingana Islamic Arabic 1572b",
      "institution": "University of Birmingham",
      "region": "Islamic manuscript collections",
      "language": "Arabic",
      "material": "Parchment manuscript",
      "summary": "A separately catalogued early Qur’an witness.",
      "coverage": "Selected unit Qur’an 6:76–79 mapped to folio 5r lines 2–9 in Corpus Coranicum. Catalogue numeric count says nine folios while descriptive text says seven surviving folios; discrepancy remains open.",
      "translation": "Selected verse mapping and English route",
      "access": "Original access restricted",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/faqs",
          "Birmingham · other early manuscripts"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/access-to-the-manuscript",
          "Birmingham · access rules"
        ],
        [
          "https://corpuscoranicum.de/en/manuscripts/281/page/5r",
          "Corpus Coranicum · folio 5r"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "birm-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/islam-and-quran/",
      "gap": "Collate the photographs, clarify the inconsistent folio count and retain the separate unmeasured writing-date question. Do not borrow 1572a’s parchment radiocarbon interval.",
      "edition": "Corpus Coranicum manuscript 281 folio 5r, Arabic transliteration by Salome Beridze; corresponding English scripture readings located separately.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/mingana-1572b/"
    },
    {
      "id": "mingana-1563",
      "title": "Mingana Qur’an · Kufic witness",
      "identifier": "Mingana Islamic Arabic 1563",
      "institution": "University of Birmingham",
      "region": "Islamic manuscript collections",
      "language": "Arabic",
      "material": "Manuscript",
      "summary": "A separately identified Kufic-script Qur’an witness.",
      "coverage": "The university describes a ninth-century manuscript. Its passage coverage has not yet been reviewed here.",
      "translation": "Coverage check pending",
      "access": "Catalogue route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/faqs",
          "Birmingham · Mingana 1563"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "birm-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Copy",
          "start": 800,
          "end": 899,
          "label": "Ninth century CE · university description",
          "source": "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/faqs",
          "note": "Century-level assignment; no exact writing year is established."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/collections/islam-and-quran/",
      "gap": "Confirm the exact witness, surviving passages and current edition with the responsible institution.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/mingana-1563/"
    },
    {
      "id": "pal-lat-1377",
      "title": "Astronomy, star catalogue and precession note",
      "identifier": "Pal. lat. 1377 · f.194v; ff.21ra–42va",
      "institution": "Vatican Apostolic Library",
      "region": "Mediterranean / European collections",
      "language": "Latin",
      "material": "Composite manuscript",
      "summary": "Catalogue leads for planetary texts, a star catalogue and a later precession note.",
      "coverage": "The composite’s sections and later additions need separate dating. The handwritten passages have not been transcribed in this review.",
      "translation": "Coverage check pending",
      "access": "Catalogue route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://ptolemaeus.badw.de/ms/826",
          "PAL · star catalogue and folio references"
        ],
        [
          "https://ptolemaeus.badw.de/jordanus/ms/9985",
          "Jordanus · manuscript contents"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "vatlib-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/translation-requests/#astronomy-reading-routes",
      "gap": "Identify the passage, hand, date, transcription and existing translation. Do not equate this catalogued manuscript with the unidentified modern Venus label.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/pal-lat-1377/"
    },
    {
      "id": "vat-gr-1291",
      "title": "Ptolemy’s Handy Tables · Greek witness",
      "identifier": "Vat. gr. 1291",
      "institution": "Vatican Apostolic Library",
      "region": "Mediterranean / European collections",
      "language": "Greek",
      "material": "Manuscript",
      "summary": "A digitized witness connected with Ptolemy’s Handy Tables.",
      "coverage": "A manuscript viewer is an image route; it does not by itself provide an English translation of every table.",
      "translation": "Coverage check pending",
      "access": "Public viewer linked",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.1291",
          "Vatican Library · manuscript viewer"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/78358266/Guidetti_Ptolemy_draft.pdf",
          "Guidetti · manuscript study"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "vatlib-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/translation-requests/#astronomy-reading-routes",
      "gap": "Match tables and marginal notes to the appropriate edition and translation before comparing calculations.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/vat-gr-1291/"
    },
    {
      "id": "pherc-1667",
      "title": "Herculaneum · recovered ethical treatise",
      "identifier": "PHerc. 1667",
      "institution": "National Library of Naples · project source",
      "region": "Mediterranean / European collections",
      "language": "Greek",
      "material": "Carbonised papyrus",
      "summary": "Virtual unwrapping recovered the preserved inner portion of a damaged roll.",
      "coverage": "The 2026 project reports a continuous reading of what survives. Outer losses remain; this is not a restored complete original book.",
      "translation": "Greek reading and English excerpts",
      "access": "Public research data",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://scrollprize.org/firstscroll",
          "Vesuvius Challenge · findings"
        ],
        [
          "https://scrollprize.org/data_browser",
          "Released datasets"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/#herculaneum",
      "gap": "Review the preprint, identify unresolved letters and establish full English-translation coverage and dataset-specific reuse conditions.",
      "edition": "The announcement links a column-by-column Greek transcription in a preprint and supplies selected English renderings.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/pherc-1667/"
    },
    {
      "id": "pherc-172",
      "title": "Herculaneum · On Vices, Book 1",
      "identifier": "PHerc. 172",
      "institution": "Bodleian Library · project source",
      "region": "Mediterranean / European collections",
      "language": "Greek",
      "material": "Carbonised papyrus",
      "summary": "A Herculaneum roll with recovered text and a project title identification.",
      "coverage": "The project data browser identifies Philodemus, On Vices, Book 1. Recovery progress is different from English translation coverage.",
      "translation": "Coverage check pending",
      "access": "Public research data",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://scrollprize.org/data_browser",
          "Vesuvius Challenge · sample records"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.diamond.ac.uk/default/Home/News/LatestNews/2026/New-secrets-revealed-from-the-Herculaneum-scrolls.html",
          "Diamond · research update"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/#herculaneum",
      "gap": "Locate the exact reading record, latest edition and translated columns; preserve uncertain title or reading updates.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/pherc-172/"
    },
    {
      "id": "pherc-139",
      "title": "Herculaneum · On Gods, Book 8",
      "identifier": "PHerc. 139",
      "institution": "National Library of Naples · project source",
      "region": "Mediterranean / European collections",
      "language": "Greek",
      "material": "Carbonised papyrus",
      "summary": "A recovered title attributes the roll to Philodemus’s On Gods, Book 8.",
      "coverage": "A recovered title identifies a work; it does not establish that all its body text has been read or translated.",
      "translation": "Coverage check pending",
      "access": "Public research data",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://scrollprize.org/firstscroll",
          "Vesuvius Challenge · title identification"
        ],
        [
          "https://scrollprize.org/data_browser",
          "Released sample records"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/#herculaneum",
      "gap": "Separate title evidence from recovered body text and translated passages.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/pherc-139/"
    },
    {
      "id": "gandhari-bl5b",
      "title": "Rhinoceros Sūtra · Gāndhārī witness",
      "identifier": "British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragment 5B",
      "institution": "British Library · edition route via Washington",
      "region": "South / Central Asia",
      "language": "Gāndhārī",
      "material": "Birch-bark scroll",
      "summary": "A named witness with a published text study.",
      "coverage": "Washington lists Richard Salomon’s 2000 edition of this Gāndhārī version.",
      "translation": "English edition located",
      "access": "Edition route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://asian.washington.edu/ebmp-publications",
          "Washington · named publications"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "ebmp-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/#gandhari",
      "gap": "Obtain the exact edition and match its restored text, translation and images; physical file rights remain separate.",
      "edition": "Richard Salomon, A Gāndhārī Version of the Rhinoceros Sūtra (2000).",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/gandhari-bl5b/"
    },
    {
      "id": "gandhari-bl28",
      "title": "Gāndhārī Abhidharma · publication-status lead",
      "identifier": "British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragment 28",
      "institution": "British Library · status check via Washington",
      "region": "South / Central Asia",
      "language": "Gāndhārī",
      "material": "Birch-bark scroll",
      "summary": "An older work-in-progress entry requiring a current bibliographic check.",
      "coverage": "The listed project is a lead, not proof that the fragment remains unpublished or untranslated today.",
      "translation": "Current edition status pending",
      "access": "Catalogue route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://asian.washington.edu/ebmp-publications",
          "Washington · publications and work in progress"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Witness lead",
      "case": "ebmp-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/#gandhari",
      "gap": "Obtain a dated current answer about the edition, surviving coverage, translations and responsible custodian.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/gandhari-bl28/"
    },
    {
      "id": "sinai-arabic-nf8",
      "title": "Sinai palimpsest · erased illustrated layer",
      "identifier": "Arabic New Finds 8 · fols.16v–17r",
      "institution": "St. Catherine’s Monastery · Sinai Palimpsests Project",
      "region": "Sinai / Eastern Mediterranean",
      "language": "Arabic / undertext to identify",
      "material": "Reused parchment",
      "summary": "A project example of spectral imaging revealing an erased illustrated page.",
      "coverage": "The project illustrates an older medicinal-herb image beneath later writing. Each text layer requires its own language, identity and date.",
      "translation": "Layer identification pending",
      "access": "Public project route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://sinaied.library.ucla.edu/about-project/index.html",
          "Sinai Palimpsests · illustrated example"
        ],
        [
          "https://d-w-sinaidataportal01.library.ucla.edu/",
          "Sinai Manuscripts Data Portal"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Locate the portal’s exact layer record, identify its text and language and check current transcription and translation coverage.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/sinai-arabic-nf8/"
    },
    {
      "id": "qumran-4q201",
      "title": "Enoch · Aramaic Qumran witness",
      "identifier": "4Q201 · 4Q Enᵃ",
      "institution": "Israel Antiquities Authority · catalogue route",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Aramaic",
      "material": "Parchment fragments",
      "summary": "A named Enoch witness in the IAA catalogue.",
      "coverage": "The catalogue distinguishes the manuscript from its plate and image records. Passage-level image-to-edition mapping is still needed.",
      "translation": "Selected English excerpt located",
      "access": "Public archive route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q201-1?locale=en_US",
          "IAA · 4Q201"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/trans6.html",
          "Library of Congress · Greenfield translation excerpt"
        ],
        [
          "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0323185",
          "Popović et al. 2025 · sample-specific material dating traced in the biography"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-366868",
          "IAA · plate 904, fragment 9 · candidate sample image"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Witness lead",
      "case": "iaa-enoch-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Copy",
          "start": -200,
          "end": -150,
          "label": "200–150 BCE · 1993 exhibition assessment",
          "source": "https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/scr3.html",
          "note": "Historical Library of Congress copy estimate, not current consensus. The biography separately records the 2025 parchment sample P904-Fr009: disjoint calibrated ranges 165–40 BCE and 10–1 BCE. These are material ranges, not a single writing date."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/journeys/enoch/",
      "gap": "Candidate sample photograph B-366868 and Langlois fragment 2 French rendering are now linked in the biography. Confirm the sampled cut and recovery record with the IAA, then verify the exact English edition coverage.",
      "edition": "Library of Congress: Enᵃ I iii 13–16, translation J. C. Greenfield; transcription J. T. Milik amended by Greenfield. The separate Milik 1976 print-edition concordance remains open.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-09",
      "biography_url": "/research/document-histories/qumran-4q201/",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/qumran-4q201/"
    },
    {
      "id": "qumran-4q208",
      "title": "Astronomical Enoch · Qumran witness",
      "identifier": "4Q208 · 4Q Enastrᵃ · plate 814",
      "institution": "Israel Antiquities Authority · image catalogue",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Aramaic",
      "material": "Scroll fragments",
      "summary": "The IAA image record links plate 814 with the 4Q208 witness.",
      "coverage": "The image identifier B-371434 is a plate record. Its listed fragment image identifiers are not automatically the fragment numbers used in an edition.",
      "translation": "Selected English excerpt located",
      "access": "Public archive route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371434",
          "IAA · plate 814 and 4Q208"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/help?locale=en_US",
          "IAA · manuscript and image identifiers"
        ],
        [
          "https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/158031586/ReconstructingHJ4Q208_4Q209_2_.pdf",
          "Jacobus 2019 · selected English excerpt"
        ],
        [
          "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200014740",
          "Jull et al. 1995 · historical material dating"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Witness lead",
      "case": "iaa-enoch-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Material",
          "start": -186,
          "end": -92,
          "label": "186–92 BCE · reported 1995 2σ calibration",
          "source": "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200014740",
          "note": "DSS-13 / AA-13245, 2095 ± 20 BP. Historical calibration, not a fresh estimate; dates parchment rather than writing or composition."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/research/astronomical-enoch/",
      "gap": "Map edition fragment 15 and the DSS-13 sample to photographs; retain the dated calibration method and competing day assignments.",
      "edition": "Jacobus 2019 accepted PDF pp. 11–12, adapting Drawnel 2011 pp. 102–104. Selected edition fragment 15; damaged days admit two placements.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-09",
      "biography_url": "/research/document-histories/qumran-4q208/",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/qumran-4q208/"
    },
    {
      "id": "qumran-4q216",
      "title": "Jubilees · Qumran witness",
      "identifier": "4Q216 · 4Q Jubᵃ",
      "institution": "Israel Antiquities Authority · catalogue route",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Hebrew",
      "material": "Parchment fragments",
      "summary": "A separately identified Hebrew Jubilees witness.",
      "coverage": "The source catalogue provides manuscript and image routes; it also lists a transcription project and an edition reference.",
      "translation": "Edition bibliography located; translation extent unchecked",
      "access": "Public archive route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q216-1?locale=en_US",
          "IAA · 4Q216"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Witness lead",
      "case": "iaa-enoch-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/collections/dead-sea-scrolls/",
      "gap": "Verify fragment, column and line coverage against the cited edition. Do not infer a complete physical Book of Jubilees from the manuscript title.",
      "edition": "VanderKam and Milik 1994, DJD 13, pp. 1–22, as listed by IAA.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/qumran-4q216/"
    },
    {
      "id": "cambridge-tsk2156",
      "title": "Sefer Yetzirah · Cairo Genizah roll fragment",
      "identifier": "Cambridge T-S K 21.56 · NLI 990051214940205171",
      "institution": "Cambridge University Library · Ktiv catalogue route",
      "region": "Egypt / Cairo Genizah",
      "language": "Hebrew",
      "material": "Manuscript roll fragment",
      "summary": "A Sefer Yetzirah catalogue lead with bibliography reporting partial translation.",
      "coverage": "T-S K 21.56 is part of the joined roll with T-S 32.5 and T-S 12.813. Bar-Asher’s 2023 Hebrew edition unit A3, p. 313 line 11, was inspected; its individual physical-fragment carrier remains to be collated.",
      "translation": "Partial translation reported in catalogue bibliography",
      "access": "Source access to confirm",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/itempage?docId=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990051214940205171&scope=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS&vid=MANUSCRIPTS",
          "NLI / Ktiv · T-S K 21.56"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/book/sefer-yesira-9783161587955/",
          "Hayman · 2004 edition and English translations"
        ],
        [
          "https://jstudies.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/jstudies/files/tarbiz_-_8902_-_book.pdf",
          "Bar-Asher 2023 · Hebrew edition"
        ],
        [
          "https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/GF/50/",
          "Cambridge · joined Sefer Yetzirah roll"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Witness lead",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/learn/sefer-yetzirah-study/",
      "gap": "Match edition unit A3 to individual fragment images and obtain the selected Hayman pages. The joined-roll reading must not be assigned to T-S K 21.56 alone without collation.",
      "edition": "Bar-Asher 2023, Tarbiz 89, edition key p. 312 and Hebrew unit A3 p. 313. Hayman 2004 remains an English partial-translation report whose precise extent has not been checked.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/cambridge-tsk2156/"
    },
    {
      "id": "ambrosiana-c73inf",
      "title": "Latin Jubilees · Latin Moses undertext",
      "identifier": "Biblioteca Ambrosiana C 73 inf. · Latin Moses",
      "institution": "Biblioteca Ambrosiana · Jubilees Palimpsest Project route",
      "region": "Italy / Latin manuscript traditions",
      "language": "Latin",
      "material": "Palimpsest undertext",
      "summary": "A Latin Jubilees witness studied through the project’s reconstruction, transcription and translation files.",
      "coverage": "A partially surviving codex. Original page 83 / modern palimpsest page 62 maps to Jubilees 13:10–15. Reconstructed missing pages are not surviving material.",
      "translation": "Selected English translation unit located",
      "access": "Public project reading route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://jubilees.stmarytx.edu/LatinMosesReconstruction.html",
          "Jubilees Palimpsest Project · reconstruction"
        ],
        [
          "https://jubilees.stmarytx.edu/annotations/VanderKam-Translation-Latin.xml",
          "VanderKam translation · project encoding"
        ],
        [
          "https://jubilees.stmarytx.edu/annotations/Ceriani_1861.xml",
          "Ceriani transcription · project encoding"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Copy",
          "start": 401,
          "end": 500,
          "label": "Fifth century CE · project reconstruction attribution",
          "source": "https://jubilees.stmarytx.edu/LatinMosesReconstruction.html",
          "note": "Project attribution, not a new independent dating assessment; later palimpsest reuse is separate."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/research/passages/jubilees-latin-abram-egypt/",
      "gap": "Collate the manuscript photographs and print edition. Keep the Latin witness separate from 4Q216 and other Qumran copies.",
      "edition": "Ceriani 1861 Latin transcription and James C. VanderKam, The Book of Jubilees, CSCO 511 (1989), Latin-recension translation. Selected page markers checked in the project XML.",
      "rights": "VanderKam XML notice: Copyright CSCO Peeters, fair use only. Source images have separate conditions; no complete translation or manuscript images are republished here.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/ambrosiana-c73inf/"
    },
    {
      "id": "hmml",
      "title": "HMML Reading Room",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "HMML Reading Room",
      "region": "Global / multi-region",
      "language": "Multiple languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "Digital manuscript discovery across partner repositories.",
      "coverage": "Catalogue descriptions and image access vary by collection. Owners retain publication rights.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://hmml.org/research/services/",
          "HMML · uncatalogued access and image services"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.vhmml.org/readingRoom/",
          "Search Reading Room"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Request uncatalogued born-digital material to be added to Reading Room where available; identify exact project numbers and owner conditions.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/hmml/"
    },
    {
      "id": "cdli",
      "title": "Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative",
      "region": "Mesopotamia",
      "language": "Sumerian / Akkadian / other cuneiform",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "Search cuneiform objects using stable catalogue references.",
      "coverage": "Individual objects, joins and compositions must be reconciled rather than counted as independent complete works.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://cdli.earth/",
          "CDLI · catalogue"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Match museum numbers, CDLI identifiers, images, transliterations and editions; verify each field’s coverage.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/cdli/"
    },
    {
      "id": "idp",
      "title": "International Dunhuang Programme",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "International Dunhuang Programme",
      "region": "South / Central / East Asia",
      "language": "Multiple languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "A route to manuscripts and other Silk Road material across institutions.",
      "coverage": "Search by collection and reference; a digitized object need not have a modern translation.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://idp.bl.uk/",
          "IDP · discovery"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Identify the language, shelfmark, holding institution, image availability and existing edition for each selected item.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/idp/"
    },
    {
      "id": "ktiv",
      "title": "Ktiv · Hebrew manuscripts",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Ktiv · Hebrew manuscripts",
      "region": "Global / Hebrew collections",
      "language": "Hebrew / related languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "Search digitized Hebrew manuscripts across participating collections.",
      "coverage": "Ktiv distinguishes catalogue records, digital records and images available outside the NLI building.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/user-help",
          "Ktiv · catalogue and access filters"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/terms-of-use",
          "Ktiv · collection-specific terms"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Compare physical manuscripts and constituent works; check the owning collection’s item-level terms.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/ktiv/"
    },
    {
      "id": "corpus-coranicum",
      "title": "Corpus Coranicum · manuscript database",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Corpus Coranicum · manuscript database",
      "region": "Islamic manuscript collections",
      "language": "Arabic",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "A manuscript discovery route for Qur’anic witnesses held across many institutions.",
      "coverage": "Its current database lists manuscripts by custodian. A text’s public translation is separate from a particular folio’s contents.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://corpuscoranicum.org/en/manuscripts",
          "Corpus Coranicum · manuscript overview"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": "coran-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Find actual folios preserving the target verses and the institutions responsible for images and corrections.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/corpus-coranicum/"
    },
    {
      "id": "avestan-archive",
      "title": "Avestan Digital Archive / CAB",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Avestan Digital Archive / CAB",
      "region": "Iran / South Asia",
      "language": "Avestan / Pahlavi",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "Manuscript images, passage indexing and an evolving Avestan editorial project.",
      "coverage": "ADA’s project history describes the 2024 redesign and integration with CAB. Different indexing systems need concordance.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://ada.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/exist/apps/ada/pages/about/history.html",
          "Freie Universität Berlin · ADA history"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Identify unpublished digital copies, their release plans and which passages have transliteration and translation; do not infer blanket translation status.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/avestan-archive/"
    },
    {
      "id": "oxyrhynchus",
      "title": "Egypt Exploration Society · Oxyrhynchus",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Egypt Exploration Society · Oxyrhynchus",
      "region": "Egypt",
      "language": "Greek / other languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "A large literary and documentary papyrus collection housed in Oxford.",
      "coverage": "Fragment totals, published texts and publication assignments measure different things.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.ees.ac.uk/collections/papyri.html",
          "EES · collection"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": "ees-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Obtain a current selection of unpublished or unassigned texts, exact inventories and English-translation coverage.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/oxyrhynchus/"
    },
    {
      "id": "iaa-dss",
      "title": "Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Hebrew / Aramaic / other languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "Search and study scroll fragments and imaging records.",
      "coverage": "Digital plate numbers and edition fragment numbers need explicit concordance.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/help?locale=en_US",
          "IAA · identifiers and imaging"
        ],
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/terms?locale=en_US",
          "IAA · terms"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": "iaa-enoch-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Match images to manuscript, DJD fragment, column and line. Request permission before public redistribution.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/iaa-dss/"
    },
    {
      "id": "sinai-palimpsests",
      "title": "Sinai Palimpsests / UCLA",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Sinai Palimpsests / UCLA",
      "region": "Sinai / Eastern Mediterranean",
      "language": "Multiple languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "Recovering and identifying erased text layers through spectral imaging.",
      "coverage": "The manuscript’s upper text and erased layers have different identities and dates.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://sinaied.library.ucla.edu/about-project/index.html",
          "Project · method and scope"
        ],
        [
          "https://d-w-sinaidataportal01.library.ucla.edu/",
          "Sinai · data portal"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Build separate records for each layer, then locate the transcription, edition, translation and image conditions.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/sinai-palimpsests/"
    },
    {
      "id": "ebmp",
      "title": "Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project",
      "region": "South / Central Asia",
      "language": "Gāndhārī",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "Named editions and research on early Buddhist manuscripts.",
      "coverage": "Manuscripts are distributed across several custodians; older work-in-progress lists require current checks.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://asian.washington.edu/early-buddhist-manuscripts-project",
          "Washington · project"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": "ebmp-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Obtain current manuscript-to-edition mappings and exact surviving passages still lacking a located translation.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/ebmp/"
    },
    {
      "id": "british-library",
      "title": "British Library · manuscripts and archives",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "British Library · manuscripts and archives",
      "region": "Global / multi-region",
      "language": "Multiple languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "A catalogue route spanning manuscripts and archival documents across periods.",
      "coverage": "The Library reports that some digitized items remain unavailable following its cyber-attack. Such unavailability is not a translation finding.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.bl.uk/collection/digitised-manuscripts-archives",
          "British Library · access information"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Distinguish catalogued, digitized, temporarily unavailable and not digitized; request restoration or an alternative access route for exact shelfmarks.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/british-library/"
    },
    {
      "id": "endangered-archives",
      "title": "Endangered Archives Programme",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Endangered Archives Programme",
      "region": "Global / multi-region",
      "language": "Multiple languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "Digitized archives from collections at risk around the world.",
      "coverage": "Archives may include modern documents as well as older manuscripts. Dates and document types need item-level records.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://bl.iro.bl.uk/entities/digitalcollection/a21f8cb4-6840-4c3d-9089-9a2797eecd54?spc.page=1",
          "British Library · EAP"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Track project and item identifiers, the original repository, date ranges, rights and available description.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/endangered-archives/"
    },
    {
      "id": "papyri-info",
      "title": "Papyri.info",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Papyri.info",
      "region": "Egypt / Mediterranean",
      "language": "Greek / other languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "An integrated route to published papyrus texts, metadata and translation references.",
      "coverage": "A text record can link editions, images and translations; coverage varies by record.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://isaw.nyu.edu/publications/research-reference/papyri-info",
          "NYU ISAW · Papyri.info"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Match publication identifiers and custodians, then verify whether an English translation is included in the chosen edition.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/papyri-info/"
    },
    {
      "id": "loc-mesoamerica",
      "title": "Library of Congress · Mesoamerican codices",
      "identifier": "Collection-level discovery route",
      "institution": "Library of Congress · Mesoamerican codices",
      "region": "Americas",
      "language": "Indigenous scripts / languages",
      "material": "Mixed",
      "summary": "A discovery route beginning with the digitally preserved Codex Quetzalecatzin.",
      "coverage": "Pictorial manuscripts, alphabetic texts, modern facsimiles and scholarly interpretations need different descriptions.",
      "translation": "Item-by-item review needed",
      "access": "Collection catalogue",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2017/11/new-acquisition-extremely-rare-mesoamerican-manuscript/",
          "Library of Congress · codex access"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Collection route",
      "case": null,
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/resources/manuscript-gaps/",
      "gap": "Select an exact catalogue object, identify its date and writing system and locate a qualified reading or commentary.",
      "edition": "An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.",
      "rights": "Each holding institution sets access and reproduction conditions. Check the individual record; no blanket republication rights are implied.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/loc-mesoamerica/"
    },
    {
      "id": "mingana-560",
      "title": "Al-Khujandi instrument treatise and Hibatallah supplement",
      "identifier": "Mingana Islamic Arabic 560 · catalogue 1902",
      "institution": "University of Birmingham · Cadbury Research Library",
      "region": "Islamic scientific manuscript collections",
      "language": "Arabic",
      "material": "Paper codex",
      "summary": "One physical codex preserves a base instrument treatise and a separate supplement.",
      "coverage": "Main work folios 2–30, with substantial losses and a surviving fragment; separate Hibatallah supplement on folios 31–35. Historical catalogue description, printed p. 353.",
      "translation": "Current edition / translation status unverified",
      "access": "Study images and reuse conditions to confirm",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://ismi.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/codex/198991",
          "ISMI · codex and two work witnesses"
        ],
        [
          "https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMingana",
          "Cadbury · collection and historical catalogue route"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "birm-20261105",
      "dates": [
        {
          "kind": "Copy",
          "start": 1201,
          "end": 1300,
          "label": "Thirteenth century CE · historical catalogue estimate",
          "source": "https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMingana",
          "note": "Hopwood, ed., revised catalogue IV (1985), printed p. 353. Approximate historical assessment; dated colophon or laboratory result not verified."
        }
      ],
      "study": "/research/mingana-quran-and-timekeeping/",
      "gap": "Confirm existing image routes and Oxford comparison folios; keep distinct author/work identities and uncertain publication status.",
      "edition": "Specialist guide reports unpublished edition work; current publication status needs confirmation. The supplement requires a separate edition check.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-07",
      "biography_url": "/research/document-histories/mingana-560/",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/mingana-560/"
    },
    {
      "id": "qumran-4q209",
      "title": "Astronomical Enoch · 4Q209",
      "identifier": "4Q209 · 4Q Enastrᵇ · IAA plate 847",
      "institution": "Israel Antiquities Authority",
      "region": "Judaean Desert",
      "language": "Aramaic",
      "material": "Parchment fragments",
      "summary": "A distinct Aramaic Astronomical Book witness with lunar-calendar material.",
      "coverage": "Selected edition fragment 16 has partly preserved Gate 3 wording and reconstructed day assignments. No full physical survival or translation census is claimed.",
      "translation": "Selected English excerpt located",
      "access": "Public custodian image and scholarly reading route",
      "sources": [
        [
          "https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-371441",
          "IAA · plate 847"
        ],
        [
          "https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/158031586/ReconstructingHJ4Q208_4Q209_2_.pdf",
          "Jacobus 2019 · selected English and calendar discussion"
        ]
      ],
      "kind": "Object / witness",
      "case": "iaa-enoch-20261105",
      "dates": [],
      "study": "/research/astronomical-enoch/",
      "gap": "Map edition fragment 16 to its photograph; obtain the full competing reconstructions and an item-specific dating assessment.",
      "edition": "Jacobus 2019, accepted PDF pp. 11–12, adapting Drawnel 2011 pp. 178–180. Complete edition and photograph concordance still needed.",
      "rights": "Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.",
      "reviewed": "2026-11-09",
      "biography_url": "/research/document-histories/qumran-4q209/",
      "url": "https://learn.babylonencyclopedia.com/manuscripts/records/qumran-4q209/"
    }
  ]
}