BABYLONTHE LEARNING CENTREThe encyclopedia
TRANSLATION COVERAGE · 12 WITNESS LEADS

Sky records & flood tablets

Trace museum identifiers, ancient calendars, translations and the conventions needed for historical comparison.

Distinguish a work from its witnesses

The Sumerian CBS10673/CBS10867 join and Akkadian CBS13532 are separate flood witnesses. The source list’s generic Nippur label remains ambiguous. Their existing translation routes let reading begin while object identification, surviving signs and edition concordance remain visible research tasks.

An astronomical table needs its method

K.160, a Latin precession note, Ptolemy’s tables and HMML’s calendar manuscripts are distinct sources. A copy date is not a flood epoch. Before using a number in a historical clock, record the column heading, calendar convention, units, locality and any uncertainty in the reading.

Do not assign an unselected work to a convenient tablet

MUL.APIN has an identified English edition, but the proposed study still needs a chosen passage and the edition’s physical-witness references. The Astronomical Diaries similarly require a named tablet and volume. Those work-level tasks appear separately below and are excluded from the witness graph.

The assessments below identify the current research boundary. No full transcription, new manuscript translation or whole-corpus completion claim is implied.

Translation route located# Reference

Venus Tablet · K.160

K.160

01 · DOCUMENT

British Museum

Akkadian

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

Enūma Anu Enlil 63, omen 8 · witness C lines 1′–3′

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

K.160 is witness C. Its damaged opening entry belongs to omen 8, C lines 1′–3′. Table IV distributes the complete reconstructed sequence among several witnesses.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

Reiner and Pingree, Enūma Anu Enlil Tablet 63 (1975); opening translated omens use other witnesses.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Match passage

Collate C’s surviving signs against the photograph, compare the other witnesses and investigate the untranslated outcome term. A modern calendar date or cosmic epoch has not been established.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
Witness C in Reiner and Pingree’s 1975 comparison; it does not preserve the opening omens used in the first reading example.
Image or original access
Public source route
Other-language evidence
No additional language-level assessment recorded.
Rights
Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.
What was reviewed
The rendered edition pages, transcription pattern and tables were inspected; no independent tablet-photograph collation was completed. This is a selected passage review, not a whole-witness completion claim.

English status: An English edition or corresponding-verse translation is identified. Exact witness and passage mapping remains open.

Translation route located# Reference

Sumerian Flood Tablet · Nippur

CBS10673 + CBS10867 · CDLI P265876

01 · DOCUMENT

Penn Museum

Sumerian

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

ETCSL 1.7.4 · Segment D, lines 1–11; physical column concordance pending

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

The composite labels D1–11 individually and marks damaged or uncertain material. Its segment numbering must be kept distinct from older continuous line systems.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

The museum supplies bibliography and identifies ETCSL 1.7.4 and composite Q000357.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Match passage

Match the composite’s lines to the column V photograph and reconcile older continuous-line conventions. The missing lines cannot be supplied from later retellings. Poebel’s historical dating claims are not adopted as current chronology.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
A damaged tablet with text on both sides; the catalogue identifies creation, cities, rulers and the flood narrative.
Image or original access
Public images linked
Other-language evidence
No additional language-level assessment recorded.
Rights
Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.
What was reviewed
The Oxford composite, translation, bibliography, Penn catalogue and Poebel’s historical report were inspected. Poebel places the episode in column V; exact photo-to-line collation remains pending. This is a selected passage review, not a whole-witness completion claim.

English status: An English edition or corresponding-verse translation is identified. Exact witness and passage mapping remains open.

Translation route located# Reference

Akkadian Nippur flood fragment

CBS13532 · CDLI P268565 · Wasserman Ms. J

01 · DOCUMENT

Penn Museum

Akkadian

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

CBS13532 reverse 6′–9′ · translation on printed p. 78

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

The edition prints the damaged Akkadian for Ms. J / CBS13532 with reverse-line labels, allowing the selected instructions to be followed in a bounded unit.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

Wasserman 2020, Ms. J, pp. 77–79. Reverse 6′–9′ matched to the transcription and English translation on p. 78; photographic collation remains pending.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Match passage

Compare the tablet photograph with the printed signs and retain the edition’s restorations. The generic source-list label “Nippur Tablet” remains ambiguous between separate Sumerian and Akkadian witnesses. No flood year is established.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
This is a different candidate from the Sumerian CBS10673/CBS10867 join.
Image or original access
Public museum catalogue and edition
Other-language evidence
No additional language-level assessment recorded.
Rights
Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.
What was reviewed
The publisher’s transcription and English rendering were inspected. Photographic sign-by-sign collation remains pending. This is a selected passage review, not a whole-witness completion claim.

English status: An English edition or corresponding-verse translation is identified. Exact witness and passage mapping remains open.

Translation route located# Reference

Sumerian King List · Weld-Blundell prism

AN1923.444

01 · DOCUMENT

Ashmolean Museum

Sumerian

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

ETCSL 2.1.1 · composite lines 36–45; physical prism-face concordance pending

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

Composite lines 36–38 total five cities and eight kings; line 39 introduces the flood. Lines 40–45 move the kingship to Kish and name Jucur. WB is the default numerical source unless a variant note says otherwise.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Match passage

Locate these lines on the prism’s individual face and column images, compare the underlying sign readings and preserve numerical variants. An absolute chronology requires independent dating evidence and an explicit conversion method.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
Study the preserved inscription alongside its literary form and edition. Reign totals are not automatically elapsed historical years.
Image or original access
Public source route
Other-language evidence
No additional language-level assessment recorded.
Rights
Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.
What was reviewed
The Oxford transliteration, translation and witness bibliography were consulted with the Ashmolean’s object explanation. No independent cuneiform reading of the prism photograph is claimed. This is a selected passage review, not a whole-witness completion claim.

English status: An English edition or corresponding-verse translation is identified. Exact witness and passage mapping remains open.

Translation coverage not checked# Reference

Astronomy, star catalogue and precession note

Pal. lat. 1377 · f.194v; ff.21ra–42va

01 · DOCUMENT

Vatican Apostolic Library

Latin

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

ff. 21ra–42va; star catalogue ff. 183r–194v; precession note f.194v. Content units need separate checks.

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

A passage-level transcription has not been verified by this mapping.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.

No exact English witness-to-edition link has been entered yet. Inspect the source bibliography and select a named edition.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Identify passage and edition

Identify the passage, hand, date, transcription and existing translation. Do not equate this catalogued manuscript with the unidentified modern Venus label.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
The composite’s sections and later additions need separate dating. The handwritten passages have not been transcribed in this review.
Image or original access
Catalogue route
Other-language evidence
No additional language-level assessment recorded.
Rights
Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.
What was reviewed
Reconciled catalogue and existing edition evidence. No new full manuscript translation or line-by-line collation completed.

English status: No completed witness-to-English-edition concordance is recorded. This does not establish that no translation exists.

Translation coverage not checked# Reference

Ptolemy’s Handy Tables · Greek witness

Vat. gr. 1291

01 · DOCUMENT

Vatican Apostolic Library

Greek

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

Exact folio, fragment, column and line not yet mapped in this coverage record.

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

A passage-level transcription has not been verified by this mapping.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

An item-level edition concordance has not yet been reviewed in this reading room.

No exact English witness-to-edition link has been entered yet. Inspect the source bibliography and select a named edition.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Identify passage and edition

Match tables and marginal notes to the appropriate edition and translation before comparing calculations.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
A manuscript viewer is an image route; it does not by itself provide an English translation of every table.
Image or original access
Public viewer linked
Other-language evidence
No additional language-level assessment recorded.
Rights
Institution-hosted reading route. No image redistribution or new translation licence recorded for Babylon.
What was reviewed
Reconciled catalogue and existing edition evidence. No new full manuscript translation or line-by-line collation completed.

English status: No completed witness-to-English-edition concordance is recorded. This does not establish that no translation exists.

Translation coverage not checked# Reference

Computus radicalis

1602 · Codex Mellicensis 751/1 (729)

01 · DOCUMENT

Stiftsbibliothek Melk

Latin

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

Computus radicalis: fol. 150v-151r

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

Catalogue metadata is available; a source-language passage transcription was not reviewed here.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

English witness-to-edition coverage has not been assessed.

No exact English witness-to-edition link has been entered yet. Inspect the source bibliography and select a named edition.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Check bibliography and passage

Choose a passage, obtain lawful image access and compare the catalogue bibliography with a named English edition. Keep missing coverage unresolved until checked.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
The selected content metadata does not establish that every original leaf or word survives.
Image or original access
Unregistered or order a digital copy
Other-language evidence
Translation coverage not assessed for this witness. This is not a finding that no translation exists.
Rights
HMML catalogue metadata CC BY 4.0; image rights remain separate at the source.
What was reviewed
Selected metadata from HMML’s 1 November 2026 dataset; no complete image or English-translation audit.

English status: No completed witness-to-English-edition concordance is recorded. This does not establish that no translation exists.

No item-specific correspondence is linked by this assessment.

Translation coverage not checked# Reference

Calendars

22038 · Cod. Hebr. 80

01 · DOCUMENT

Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

Hebrew

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

Calendars: fol. 1r-6r; Calendars: fol. 7r-52r

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

Catalogue metadata is available; a source-language passage transcription was not reviewed here.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

English witness-to-edition coverage has not been assessed.

No exact English witness-to-edition link has been entered yet. Inspect the source bibliography and select a named edition.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Check bibliography and passage

Choose a passage, obtain lawful image access and compare the catalogue bibliography with a named English edition. Keep missing coverage unresolved until checked.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
The selected content metadata does not establish that every original leaf or word survives.
Image or original access
Unregistered or order a digital copy
Other-language evidence
Translation coverage not assessed for this witness. This is not a finding that no translation exists.
Rights
HMML catalogue metadata CC BY 4.0; image rights remain separate at the source.
What was reviewed
Selected metadata from HMML’s 1 November 2026 dataset; no complete image or English-translation audit.

English status: No completed witness-to-English-edition concordance is recorded. This does not establish that no translation exists.

No item-specific correspondence is linked by this assessment.

Translation coverage not checked# Reference

Treatise on the astrolabe

21996 · Cod. Hebr. 48

01 · DOCUMENT

Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

Ladino

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

Treatise on the astrolabe: fol. 5v-20v

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

Catalogue metadata is available; a source-language passage transcription was not reviewed here.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

English witness-to-edition coverage has not been assessed.

No exact English witness-to-edition link has been entered yet. Inspect the source bibliography and select a named edition.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Check bibliography and passage

Choose a passage, obtain lawful image access and compare the catalogue bibliography with a named English edition. Keep missing coverage unresolved until checked.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
The selected content metadata does not establish that every original leaf or word survives.
Image or original access
Unregistered or order a digital copy
Other-language evidence
Translation coverage not assessed for this witness. This is not a finding that no translation exists.
Rights
HMML catalogue metadata CC BY 4.0; image rights remain separate at the source.
What was reviewed
Selected metadata from HMML’s 1 November 2026 dataset; no complete image or English-translation audit.

English status: No completed witness-to-English-edition concordance is recorded. This does not establish that no translation exists.

No item-specific correspondence is linked by this assessment.

Translation coverage not checked# Reference

Treatise on astronomy / Excerpts on astronomy

22079 · Cod. Hebr. 125

01 · DOCUMENT

Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

Treatise on astronomy: fol. 5rv; Excerpts on astronomy: fol. 7v, 9v-10r; Treatise on astronomy: fol. 8r-9v; Treatise on astronomy: fol. 10r-12r

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

Catalogue metadata is available; a source-language passage transcription was not reviewed here.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

English witness-to-edition coverage has not been assessed.

No exact English witness-to-edition link has been entered yet. Inspect the source bibliography and select a named edition.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Check bibliography and passage

Choose a passage, obtain lawful image access and compare the catalogue bibliography with a named English edition. Keep missing coverage unresolved until checked.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
The selected content metadata does not establish that every original leaf or word survives.
Image or original access
Unregistered or order a digital copy
Other-language evidence
Translation coverage not assessed for this witness. This is not a finding that no translation exists.
Rights
HMML catalogue metadata CC BY 4.0; image rights remain separate at the source.
What was reviewed
Selected metadata from HMML’s 1 November 2026 dataset; no complete image or English-translation audit.

English status: No completed witness-to-English-edition concordance is recorded. This does not establish that no translation exists.

No item-specific correspondence is linked by this assessment.

Translation coverage not checked# Reference

Astronomical treatise

OLM 01492 · Not supplied in this export

01 · DOCUMENT

Lebanese Maronite Order

Arabic Garshuni

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

Astronomical treatise: content location not supplied

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

Catalogue metadata is available; a source-language passage transcription was not reviewed here.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

English witness-to-edition coverage has not been assessed.

No exact English witness-to-edition link has been entered yet. Inspect the source bibliography and select a named edition.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Check bibliography and passage

Choose a passage, obtain lawful image access and compare the catalogue bibliography with a named English edition. Keep missing coverage unresolved until checked.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
The selected content metadata does not establish that every original leaf or word survives.
Image or original access
Registered
Other-language evidence
Translation coverage not assessed for this witness. This is not a finding that no translation exists.
Rights
HMML catalogue metadata CC BY 4.0; image rights remain separate at the source.
What was reviewed
Selected metadata from HMML’s 1 November 2026 dataset; no complete image or English-translation audit.

English status: No completed witness-to-English-edition concordance is recorded. This does not establish that no translation exists.

No item-specific correspondence is linked by this assessment.

Translation coverage not checked# Reference

Astronomical tables

APIS 00001 · MS 1

01 · DOCUMENT

Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul, Shirinoglu family

Armenian, Armeno-Turkish

02 · SURVIVING UNIT

Passage to identify or compare

Astronomical tables: fol. 2r-152

03 · TRANSCRIPTION

Source-language reading

Catalogue metadata is available; a source-language passage transcription was not reviewed here.

04 · TRANSLATION

Edition and coverage

English witness-to-edition coverage has not been assessed.

No exact English witness-to-edition link has been entered yet. Inspect the source bibliography and select a named edition.

05 · REMAINING WORK

Check bibliography and passage

Choose a passage, obtain lawful image access and compare the catalogue bibliography with a named English edition. Keep missing coverage unresolved until checked.

Physical survival, access and review scope
Surviving material
The selected content metadata does not establish that every original leaf or word survives.
Image or original access
Registered
Other-language evidence
Translation coverage not assessed for this witness. This is not a finding that no translation exists.
Rights
HMML catalogue metadata CC BY 4.0; image rights remain separate at the source.
What was reviewed
Selected metadata from HMML’s 1 November 2026 dataset; no complete image or English-translation audit.

English status: No completed witness-to-English-edition concordance is recorded. This does not establish that no translation exists.

No item-specific correspondence is linked by this assessment.

Work-level tasks awaiting a selected witness

These tasks are excluded from the 58-record witness graph.

MUL.APIN

Obtain the identified edition, choose one calendar or star-list passage and identify the physical witnesses used in that section.

Babylonian Astronomical Diaries

Select one diary by museum number, then match it to its ADART volume, transcription and translation. A corpus title is not an object identifier.

Baseline review: 5 November 2026 · Selected Enoch language and image checks updated 9 November 2026 · English is the assessment language. This is a selection of 58 distinct witness/object leads, not a worldwide census or a completed translation audit. Physical losses and other-language evidence are recorded separately.

Learning in the Light

In Babylon, the Father’s light opens perspective, learning and a chosen next step. Your worth remains intact. Every person is sovereign, with dignity, freedom and room to grow.

Read the learning principle ↗

Follow the Flood and human-time investigation

Read the CT 46, 5 join, the published chronicle route and the declared human-era count, alongside Babylon’s Great Flood thesis and Cosmic Clock.

Follow the Flood and human-time investigation ↗

Strengthen the human-time reference

Follow the 2095 BCE proposal into its scholarly debate, compare early counting evidence and keep each clock convention visible.

Strengthen the human-time reference ↗

New Mingana findings and open questions

Compare Qur’an folio boundaries, locate al-Khujandi witnesses and follow the Cadbury response into a focused Bodleian inquiry.

New Mingana findings and open questions ↗